Small Adaptation RS-14
When shopping for a good and you can legitimate software, besides you’ll need for other communities as well as where the advised grounds construction are verified, two big requires had been within the interest. “The latest RS-14 demonstrates the fresh new brevity, readability, and you can easier rating that happen to be defined as extremely important features when choosing devices for usage with teens” (Pritzker and Minter, 2014, p. 332). The brand new RS-fourteen “will give details of new trend and you can profile out-of strength utilizing an available everywhere measure of resilience which often commonly enable comparisons having earlier and you may coming search,” and therefore “can give supporting facts that it is an effective psychometrically sound size to evaluate individual resilience within the age groups out-of teenagers and you will young adults” (Wagnild, 2009a; Pritzker and you will Minter, 2014).
Furthermore, Yang et al
Looking a whole lot more monetary adaptation of your own Resilience Size, decreasing achievement day, and creating so much more specifically for fool around with having young people, Wagnild (2009a) changed the new RS-twenty five to14 issues. The brand new short-term “RS-14 level contains 14 worry about-declaration circumstances measured along an excellent eight-point score scale anywhere between ‘1-strongly disagree’ in order to ‘7-strongly concur.’ High ratings are indicative out of resilience peak. With regards to the authors, results is actually calculated of the a summation of effect thinking for every item, ergo permitting ratings so you’re able to are normally taken for 14 so you’re able to 98.” Score less than 65 imply reasonable resilience; anywhere between 65 and you can 81 let you know modest strength; above 81 would-be interpreted as the higher levels of strength (Wagnild and you will Young, 1993; Wagnild, 2009b, 2014).
Using principal components analyses supported a single-factor solution; remaining in the RS-14 scale were those items with all item factor loadings >0.40. Reported psychometric properties of the RS-14 have demonstrated sound psychometric properties comparable to those of the RS-25: evidence of a one-factor structure was found and high reliability (coefficient Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90 and greater 0.96) and a strong correlation with the full version (r = 0.97, p = 0.001) were obtained (Wagnild, 2014). The overall factorability of the RS-14 demonstrated a robust one-factor measure of resilience, which has been replicated and has been confirmed in different studies and in the adaptations of this version for different countries (Wagnild, 2014). For instance: German ? = 0.91 (Schumacher et al., 2005); Portugal ? = 0.82 (Oliveira et al., 2015); Finland ? = 0.87 (Losoi et al., 2013); Japan ? = 0.88 (Nishi et al., 2010); China ? = 0.92 (Tian and Hong, 2013); Korean ? = 0.90 (Kwon and Kwon, 2014); Spain ? = 0.79 (Heilemann et al., 2003); Italian ? = 0.88 (Callegari et al., 2016); and Greek ? = 0.89 (Ntountoulaki et al., 2017). (2012) “examined the measurement invariance of the RS?14 in samples of U.S., Chinese, and Taiwanese college students and supported a one-factor model that demonstrated scalar invariance across cultures” (Yang et al., 2012). The short version RS-14 has been tested regarding its structure and it was found that results are not always totally consistent. Some discrepancies exist between findings of different studies; for instance the Brazilian version with 13 items (Damasio et al., 2011) or 12 items in the Portuguese adaptation for adolescents (Oliveira et al., 2015), and in the German Version 11 items (Schumacher et al., 2005). These discrepancies can eventually result from sampling issues: some studies used participants from very different developmental phases (Damasio et al., 2011), and others used participants <13 years old, an option that is not appropriate given that the authors of the RS advise against the use of the scale with participants from earlier ages (Wagnild, 2009b; Pritzker and Minter, 2014).